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PEMUTERAN BAY, Indonesia - Just a few years ago, the lush coral reefs
off Bali island were dying out, bleached by rising temperatures,
blasted by dynamite fishing and poisoned by cyanide. Now they are
coming back, thanks to an unlikely remedy: electricity.
The
coral is thriving on dozens of metal structures submerged in the bay
and fed by cables that send low-voltage electricity, which
conservationists say is reviving it and spurring greater growth.
As thousands of delegates, experts and activists debate climate at a conference that opened this week on Bali, the coral restoration project illustrates the creative ways scientists are trying to fight the ill-effects of global warming.
The project — dubbed Bio-Rock — is the brainchild of scientist
Thomas Goreau and the late architect Wolf Hilbertz. The two have set up
similar structures in some 20 countries, but the Bali experiment is the
most extensive.
Goreau said the Pemuteran reefs off Bali's northwestern shore were
under serious assault by 1998, victims of rising temperatures and
aggressive fishing methods by impoverished islanders, such as stunning
fish with cyanide poison and scooping them up with nets.
"Under these conditions, traditional (revival) methods fail,"
explained Goreau, who is in Bali presenting his research at the
U.N.-led conference. "Our method is the only one that speeds coral
growth."
Some say the effort is severely limited.
Rod Salm, coral reef specialist with the Nature Conservancy, said
while the method may be useful in bringing small areas of damaged coral
back to life, it has very limited application in vast areas that need
protection.
"The extent of bleaching ... is just too big," Salm said. "The scale is enormous and the cost is prohibitive."
Others note the Bali project is mostly dependent on traditionally
generated electricity, a method that itself contributes to global
warming. Goreau himself concedes it has yet to attract significant
financial backing.
Nonetheless, scientists agree that coral reefs are an especially
valuable — and sensitive — global environmental asset. They provide
shorelines with protection from tides and waves, and host a stunning
diversity of plant and sea life..
Goreau's method for reviving coral is decidedly low-tech, if somewhat unorthodox.
It has long been known that coral that breaks off the reef can be salvaged and restored if it can somehow be reattached.
What Goreau's Bali project has done is to construct metal frames,
often in the shape of domes or greenhouses, and submerge them in the
bay. When hooked up to a low-voltage energy source on the shore,
limestone — a building block of reefs — naturally gathers on the metal.
Workers then salvage coral that has broken from damaged reefs and affix
it to the structure.
Goreau and his supporters say the electricity spurs the weakened coral to revival and greater growth.
"When they get the juice, they are not as stressed," said Rani
Morrow-Wuigk, an Australian-German woman who rents bungalows on the
beach and has supported efforts to save the reefs for years.
And indeed, the coral on the structures appear vibrant, and
supporters say they have rebounded with impressive vigor. The coral in
Pemuteran teems with clownfish, damselfish and other colorful tropical
animals.
Funding, however, is a major problem. There are some 40 metal
structures growing coral in Pemuteran Bay and about 100 cables laid to
feed them with electricity, but only about a third of the wires are
working because of maintenance problems and the cost of running them,
said Morrow-Wuigk.
The electrification program is part of a wider effort in the bay to save the coral.
Chris Brown, an Australian diving instructor who has lived in
Bali for 17 years, said he and other people determined to save the
reefs have had a long struggle driving away fishermen who use dynamite
and other coral-destroying methods to maintain their livelihoods.
He said a key has been demonstrating to shoreline communities
the benefits of coral reef maintenance, such as growing fish stocks and
jobs catering to tourists who come to dive in the area.
Brown has participated in Goreau's projects, and won funding
from the Australian government to set up a Bio-Rock structure
electrified by solar panels fixed on a floating off-shore platform.
Brown has also used seed-money from Canberra
to establish the Reef Gardeners of Pemuteran, which trains islanders to
dive, maintain the solar-paneled coral structure and clean the reefs of
harmful animals.
Kadek Darma, 25, a Balinese who has worked with Brown for two
years, said the advantages of the corals to the local economy were
obvious.
"They attract the tourists, and more tourists means more jobs,"
he said. "I hope we can all keep maintaining the reefs for our
great-great grandchildren."